Ethical Issues with Hacking Essay Example for Free

Ethical Issues with Hacking Essay There is a new crime on the verge of being on Americas top ten crimes list, computer hacking. Computer hacking is the practice of unlawfully gaining access to and sometimes tampering with information in a computer system. Since the cyber age, the use of computers has slowing integrated into most of societys everyday life and since then new crimes have emerged as a result of this age. The access of information readily available at the click of a button, can be very enticing to unlawfully acquire, but the companies who hold this important information has a duty to keep all files and information safeguarded. As a result of the cyber age, no longer are there just mundane crimes in America such as murder or assault. There has been a new crime wave, crimes of technologies. Cyber crimes are now listed in the top leading crimes of today. Out of the top ten crimes in America during 2012, computer related crimes were at number seven and number ten. Seven being computer theft, and ten being identity theft, with computer hacking rising on that list daily. With careful planning and updated online security, cyber crimes such as, hacking can be decreased. According to the New York Times, they said that, new security protocols and stronger firewalls, which monitor computer networks for suspicious traffic, could help to deter a person from hacking. Security experts say companies must also adapt their security systems to protect against attacks through smartphones and tablet computers. Although such mobile devices increase convenience for workers, they essentially a create a new door into the network, which then needs its own security watchdogs. A company is committed to keeping all the information as private as possible. When a person decides to hack into a companys database, email or website, they are not only putting their self at risk, but everyone involved will be negatively effected. The company who got hacked will most likely be publicized and their confidentiality of their patients information has now been corrupted. Lawsuits can follow for the company or the individual hacker if they get caught and it could also be very damaging for the individual who might have gotten their information hacked in the process. Policy Position Companies and their employees have a duty to uphold a certain standards when dealing with the consumers personal and private information. Dell has outlined some preventive steps that can be taken on a company and a personal level to prevent hackers from infiltrating a computer networking system. Among these steps are the following: Education- Hackers aren’t the only ones who can gain power from information. By educating yourself and employees about the types of scams that exist on the Internet and how to avert them, you are putting yourself one step ahead of the cyber criminals. Use a firewall- Firewalls monitor traffic between your computer or network and the Internet and serve as a great first line of defense when it comes to keeping intruders out. Use comprehensive security software and keep your system updated- Because hackers have a wide variety of ways to access your system and information, you need comprehensive security software that can protect you from all angles. Secure your wireless network- Hackers can access data while it’s in transit on an unsecured wireless network. You can keep the hackers out by enabling the firewall on your router and changing the router’s administrator password. î€Å' Use strong passwords- Although it may be easier for you to remember short passwords that reference your birthday, or pet’s name, these kinds of passwords also make it easy for hackers. Strong passwords can go a long way in helping secure your information. According to the FBI, â€Å"the threat that criminal hackers pose to corporate and government information systems has spiked in the past five years.† Stakeholders including the company, employees and customers have the right to know about privacy-laws and should know that any information that is gained unlawfully and shared with the public comes with major consequences. Stakeholders must know what is at stake when information is compromised. Upon being hired an employee must know their companys policy regarding information that can be disclosed. An employee has the duty to take actions based on ethical standards that must be known and recognized by all who are involved. â€Å"In Maryland, accessing and telling the world about another persons personal information is an invasion of privacy that may make the hacker liable for money damages to the victim.† (Lawyers.com, 2013) You, an employee, a hacker and the company has the duty to respect privacy of information and action. â€Å"A person who violates subsection (c)(1) of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 3 years or a fine not exceeding $1,000 or both.† (2010 Maryland Code CRIMINAL LAW. TITLE 7, section 7-302) Other customers of that company may feel their privacy information and action should be respected by others. The other customers feel like the customer has a duty to them to uphold their privacy and not share it with third parties or other people they did not give permission. Bottom line is that companies have the same problems with theft of intellectual property and personal information just as much as everyone else, but we expect more from them to keep their customers information secure. Privacy-laws are put in place for people can abide by those laws. Stakeholders must act in an ethical and moral manner when it concerns intellectual property, because if not, everyone can be negatively effected is this policy is not followed. REFERENCES Right of Publicity: Overview. (2013). Retrieved Feb 1, 2013, from http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/publicity Email Hacking is a Serious Crime. POSTED IN Privacy Law BY Lawyers.com (2013). Retrieved Feb 2, 2013, from http://communications-media.lawyers.com/privacy-law/Email-Hacking-Is-A-Serious-Crime.html Computer Intrusions. (2013). Retrieved Feb 9, 2013, from http://www.fbi.gov/aboutus/investigate/cyber/computer-intrusions 2010 Maryland Code CRIMINAL LAW. TITLE THEFT AND RELATED CRIMES Subtitle 3 Crimes Involving Telecommunications and Electronics Section 7-302 Unauthorized access to computers and related material. (2010). Retrieved Jan 31, 2013, from http://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2010/criminal-law/title-7/subtitle-3/7-302/ Object1 https://docs.google.com/viewer? a=vq=cache:IDTKbmw6TzwJ:www.dell.com/downloads/ca/support/top_10_steps_to_protect_agains t_cybercrime_dell_en.pdf+steps+to+deter+hacking %2Bdellhl=engl=uspid=blsrcid=ADGEESj9mmGDd6D6c0Lbe5C-q06ZyXHh2rVmleQtWvkHTrRrt5ws07evPDNcipr3HEDdwBwcvOqq3zQVevNqmb1ae6A17RjPOoi7eGQd K_RmrRb4d_xO57dfK5Y-8FYICKa1UG8PV9isig=AHIEtbRvNOTu6CU5StjeP3LyY_Q_a0WyBQ Drew, C., Kopytoff, V. (2011). Deploying New Tools to Stop the Hackers. Retrieved Feb 8, 2013, from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/18/technology/18security.html?pagewanted=all_r=0

Hindu women Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout history, there have been many different aspects that have been looked at in all culture ways . Many researcher’s have studied the history and the lifestyle of the different societies and particular cultural norms. This information is gathered from media, weather be it through internet, newspaper, television or simply history books as educational informers. Although these are the most common bases for societal general knowledge, in the inner truth occurs within the inner realms of particular societal. We as Americans sometimes fund the ways in which many of these cultures do things different, weird, or crazy. They are for us to look forage deeper into these different aspects but sometimes many of us choose to just believe the contrary, the truth that is tainted and not rooted within history. One of these mistakenly miscnceived cultures is the Hindu Culture. Americans may not see things in our cullture the way others do in their own private communities. In our societ y, women are beginning to get respect for the things they do and they are being looked at in the same way that men are, in various occupations. In the Hindu culture this is quiet the opposite, their society views women the same way a any other society would view those in the lower social aspects. This suppressing and inferorating view has had a large impact on their society, economically, as well as politically. The women in this culturl are looked upon as being something great, according to their cultural and religious believes. This aspect of Hindu society is the only that has had credit to the respect and value of women, where if compared to the status of women in other societies. Though the women are vied very highly by the gods, they are viewed from a society with a caste system. India like any other society is divided into different classes. The classes are division is marked by wealth and production industries. The adjoining part of the society is ruled by higher authority. Women are a large of this particular society. They are subjected to agricultural and exploitation by the men who rule them. The women in these particular communities have many duties that come with being a part of that society. â€Å" The chief duty of a women is to maintain her Pativrata Dharma. To a women there is no higher duty than service of her husband. She should worship him daily† (Shivanada, 1963). Women... ...ntirely socialized and restricted to their family-kin community. Tremendous effort has been to ignite, for they have come a long way from the beginning, hoping to see a fair end. As an American women in a westernized culture, one sometime takes the freedom given for granted, not realizing that there are women out there that have to fight for things that they want in life. True, we do choose to go out and get an education, but we should sometimes stop and think what things would be like if we were not able to even try to get an education. Education is given abundantly, there is equal opportunities in exchange for self enhancement, to think that all these rights can be taken away, not only paints a painful life but gives one a glimpse into the lives of the Hind women who had to endure such mistreatments. The Hindu women have lived under the incubation of powerful men, who have no regard to their equality nor their intelligence and capability. These women have not just fulfilled a dream but have economically, politically, and socially, broken the barrier as well as the stereotype that they may no amount to anything. They have taken that initiative, and made it i nto something great.

Beginning The Audit Report Essay

Thank you for choosing Team D Auditing for your audit needs. This letter is to inform you on how we plan to begin the audit process for your company. We will be performing an audit on the financial statements for Apollo Shoes for the year ended December 31, 2007 in order to provide reasonable assurance that the statements are presented fairly and are presented in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, 2012). We will begin the audit by reviewing the statements as well as your organizational charts and the prior five years of federal income tax returns. After careful review of all documentation, we will review risks so that we can identify any potential risks and can draft the audit plan (Arens et al., 2012). We will then ask to meet with management to determine the scope of the audit and answer any questions that management may have. After the meeting, we will finalize the audit plan and begin our fieldwork. Our field time will be spent speaking with staff members and management, reviewing documentation such as policy and procedure manuals, learning about the business, and performing tests. We will be testing internal controls, ensuring the business is in compliance with applicable financial regulations, and testing the materiality of the financial statements (Arens et al., 2012). We will be holding scheduled meetings with staff and management and hope that we will have full cooperation. We will try to interrupt the business as little as possible. Our fee schedule will be based upon the total time spent on each stage of the audit and we will be submitting invoices along the way. Our preliminary estimation of cost is $200,000 and we will notify you immediately of any changes that could exceed that estimation. Our formal engagement letter,  preliminary engagement checklist, and preliminary time frame estimate with audit milestones are included in the appendices for your review. References American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. (2014). General Audit Engagement Checklist. Retrieved from http://www.aicpa.org/interestareas/peerreview/resources/peerreviewprogrammanual/2013/downloadabledocuments/20400-gen-audit-check-interimguidance.pdf Arens, A. A., Elder, R. J., & Beasley, M. S. (2012). Auditing and assurance services: An integrated approach (14th ed.). New York, NY: Perason/Prentice Hall. Becker Professional Education/CPA Review (2014) Audit Reports; Devry/Becker Educational Development Corp. Boynton, W. C. (2006). Modern Auditing (8th ed.). Danvers, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Louwers, T. R. (2007). Apollo Shoes, InC. Auditing and Assurance Services. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. (2014). Auditing Standard No. 16. Retrieved from http://pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/Pages/Auditing_Standard_16_Appendix_C.aspx Raspante, J. F. & Vono, S. (2014). Engagement letters for the individual tax practitioner. Journal of Accountan cy, retrieved from: http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2014/Jan/20137591.htm This letter is to confirm the agreement and to discuss the objectives for the  audit of Apollo Shoes, Inc. financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2007. We will be auditing the balance sheet, income statement, statement of retained earnings and cash flow. The financial statements and the effectiveness of the internal control is responsibility of management (Becker CPA Review, 2014). I want to clarify that we have to have an understanding of the company and the internal control in order to provide an opinion. Although an audit should provide reasonable assurance about that the financial statement are free of material misstatement we cannot provide absolutely assurance due to inherent limitation in the internal control (Becker CPA Review, 2014). We request that the company can provide us with adequate evidence necessary to perform the audit. It is critical that we have access to information and files including the minutes, besides to be able to inquire personnel and the observation of procedures as necessary. We have the responsibility that if a material weakness and or a significant deficiency are discovered in the performance of the audit, it should be communicated to the audit committee in writing (PCAOB, 2014). The management is also responsible to adjust the financial statements to correct material misstatements found during the audit; if the correction are not done because they are immaterial, it should be stated as part of the representation letter were management is confirming their responsibilities during the audit (PCAOB, 2014). Our out of pocket expenses and fees are estimating in $200,000, which covers the hours spent during the audit. If anything may affect this estimate we will let you know. Our fees are due when we complete the audit (Raspante & Vono, 2014). We are very enthusiastic to be your new auditors and we hope to fulfill your expectations. If you agree with this agreement, please sign in the space provided; keep a copy for your records and return us the original signed. If you have any further questions, please do not hesitate to contact me. October 29, 2007: Received accounting procedures manual from Karina Ramirez for fieldwork (Louwers, 2007, p. 32). January 7, 2007: Prepare working papers for Board Minutes of important events and transactions during the past year. Make notes in the audit working papers of matters relevant for the auditor for the 2007 financial statements. Use the reference ‘GA-3’ with the following headings and information in a table format: Information Relevant to 2007 and Audit Auction Recommended (Louwers, 2007, p. 36). January 3, 2008: selection by audit committee of Anderson, Olds, & Watershed as auditors ratified (Louwers, 2007, p. 39). January 3, 2008: $750,000 fee was approved for the 2007 audit (p. 36); January 8, 2008: Received Apollo’s 2007 year-end trial balance, along with 2006 audited trial balance (p. 40). January 8, 2008: Create 3 spreadsheets for a 2 year comparative balance sheet, income statements, and statement of cash flows (p. 40). January 9, 2008: Perform pr eliminary analytical procedures on the financial statements. This includes calculating common-size financial  statements and dollar amount, and percent changes—use recent spreadsheet created for comparative statements; calculate financial ratios with common stock at $24 million in current and prior periods; Compare Apollo’s numbers with closest competitors, such as Nike and Rebook at EDGAR for industry averages; write a brief memo highlighting potential problem areas with calculations (p. 43). January 9, 2008: Write a brief memo (GA-4) highlighting what you believe are potential problem areas. Include calculations to support (GA-4-1, GA-4-2, etc. (p. 43). January 9, 2008: Prepair a memo (GA-5) addressing materiality for Apollo Shoes. The workpaper documents must be following GAAP. Address the following: 1. Briefly describe indepdendent auditors concept of materiality; 2. Describe some commone relationships and other considerations used by auditors when assessing the dollar amount considered matieral. What are some common measures of materiality with respect to income, sales, and toal assets? 3. Based on professional judgement, determine an amount you consider to be a minimum material misstatement for Apollo Shoes and justify your recommendation in your memo (p. 45). January 10, 2008: Write a memo (GA-6) addressing the potential for fraud for Apollo shoes. This should include SAS 99 fraud guidance addressing the following: 1. Have you noticed any ‘red flags’ in either the minutes or analytical procedures so far? 2. Address fraud risk in general terms: types of risk (improper revenue recognition), significance of risk, likelihood of risk, pervasiveness or risk centralized to one function of or individual or is it throughout the organization? 3. How might fraud be perpetrated or concealed in the entity; 4. Suggest ways we might alter our audit approach to address the potential for fraud, such as assignment of personnel, predictability of auditing procedures, and examination of journal entries and other adjustments; Continued for memo—what we’ll need to get together with the entire audit team for brainstorming session next week. January 10, 2008: AOW was informed of the Apollo’s mid-year computer installation. How will the computer processing, for the last two quarters’ transaction affect our audit this year? How will we use our new laptops for the Apollo engagement? For example, correspondence, memos, auditing working papers, prepared and maintained on the new laptops (p. 46).

Worship of Jupiter King of the Gods Essay - 766 Words

Worship of Jupiter Background of Jupiter Jupiter, or Jove, is the King of the Gods, and the God of the Sky and Storms.Jupiter’s most well known symbols are the lightning bolt, and the Eagle. Jupiter is the son of the Titans, Saturn and Opis. Jupiter and his brothers, Pluto and Neptune, rebelled against Saturn and the other Titans, vanquishing them and imprisoning some of them in Tartarus. Jupiter also had three sisters, Vesta, Juno and Ceres. He is the husband to his sister Juno, and father of Vulcan, Venus, Minerva, Apollo and Diana (Twins), Mercury, Bachus, Mars, and Proserpina. Jupiter is regarded as the Roman equivalent of the Greek Deity, Zeus. Both Deities are known to create law and order, and they both are told to throw†¦show more content†¦Sacred Days The Nundinae, which recurred every nine days, was special to Jupiter, as on this day, the high priestess of Jupiter, would sacrifice a white ram to Jupiter. It was also the day that rural people would come into town to sell, and be informed of religious and political decisions. The Ides, which is the midpoint of the month, with a full moon, was sacred to Jupiter. This was because the Romans believed that the full moon was a heavenly light, representing Jupiter’s presence. On the Ides, a white lamb was led to the Capitoline Citadel, and was sacrificed to him. Festivals Jupiter also had the most festivals, and public holidays, dedicated to him than any other deity. These include: The â€Å"Vinalia altera†, on August 19th. This was the day that people asked Jupiter for good weather to ripen the grapes before harvest, and a white sheep would be sacrificed. The high priestess of Jupiter would also pick the first grape of the harvest. The â€Å"Vinalia urbana†, on April 23rd. This was the day in which new wine was offered to Jupiter. This was done by pouring large amounts of fine wine, into a ditch near the Temple of Venus Erycine, located on the Capitol. The â€Å"Metitrinalia† on October 11th. This day marked the end of the annual grape harvest. It is the day in which new wine was pressed, and mixed with old wine to control fermentation. Initially this festival was sacred to Jupiter, but later Roman sources invented a new God, Meditrina, to explainShow MoreRelatedThe Temple Of Jupiter Optimus1353 Words   |  6 Pagesin the heart of the ancient city of Rome, the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, shared with Juno Regina, and Minerva, represented this tradition well. Before the iconic Temple became known as the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, the site came to symbolize Rome’s position as Caput Mundi, which literally means ‘head of the world’. Unfortunately, neglect, spoliation, and eventual site adaptation means that very little of the temple of Jupiter remains for us to study. 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