7 unprofessional email habits you need to avoid

7 unprofessional email habits you need to avoid No matter what level you are within your career, chances are you feel overwhelmed every time you sit down at your computer and check your inbox. Email is not just something to check in with once in a while and ignore- triaging and responding to emails is a huge part of the workday. In fact, a survey done by  Adobe found that almost half of the 1,000 people surveyed expect people to get back to them within the hour! You have to read and respond quickly, which leaves room for careless errors to creep in. Much of the impression you make with colleagues will be digital, so you need to remain sharp and focused- even if you’re working on your 30th email of the day. Read on for some very common errors that tend to occur when you let your guard down.Replying all for everythingBefore you hit replay all, pause. Always pause. Ask yourself, â€Å"Does everyone on this thread really need to see my reply?† Spend an extra minute culling down the list of recipients, or just respond o nly to the sender. You’ll be responsible for keeping everybody’s inboxes clutter-free for at least a day if you do this. There’s always the option of forwarding something along if later down the line you realize he or she needs to see it.Careless CC-ingThis is in the same vein as the â€Å"reply all,† except the stakes are higher and you could actually land yourself, your boss, or your client in hot water by adding a name to an email chain without asking first. Don’t share info that isn’t yours to share- never assume it’s okay to forward or share an email with a new recipient (especially one outside of the company) until you’re sure all parties are on board. Take the time to confirm if you ever have  any doubt.Forgetting the attachmentThis is one error that isn’t the biggest deal the first time it happens. But if it becomes a habit, you’ll start to look silly. You might think it’s okay, even cute, to send the follow up â€Å"Ooops!! Attachment attached!† email to your entire department when you’ve forgotten to attach a necessary document to the first email. But it isn’t- it just makes you seem careless.The theme that keeps coming up applied here, too: take your time. Do the last-minute check to make sure all recipients are correct, necessary, and that you’ve attached your attachments before you send.Unnecessarily crying â€Å"Urgent!†Do you get too many red-flagged emails, only to realize when you open them that they really aren’t that big of a deal? Don’t abuse the â€Å"urgent† function- if and when you do need to send an email with a true crisis, no one is going to believe you.Rambling on and onThink about the last time you opened up an email to see a wall of text. Be honest: did you really read the whole thing, every word? Probably not. There is no reason for your two-page email. Be as clear and concise as possible and save your coworkers (and yourself!) a whole lot of valuable time. People are more likely to read and digest your email if it’s short, sweet, and to the point. Bullet points are your friend!Misspelling someone’s nameThere’s a very good chance that your recipient’s name is literally in his or her email address. Do the extra two-second check to make sure you’ve spelled it right. If you’re mentioning other people within your email, take the time to double-check their names as well. Don’t assume that because someone has a common name that it takes the common spelling: Michelle or Michele? Gennifer or Jennifer? Geoffrey or Jeffrey? It matters.Writing bad subjects (or no subjects)Your recipients should be able to tell what your email is about simply by glancing at the subject line in their inbox. Don’t be vague. For example, â€Å"Follow-up† is a very vague email subject, but â€Å"Follow-up Notes from 9/15 Board Meeting† is direct and clear. Weeks, months, or years down the line, will your recipient be able to tell what’s in your email? Write your subject lines with that goal in mind. And please, please always include a subject- leaving the line blank is just lazy.

The History of Mass Media in Haiti essays

The History of Mass Media in Haiti essays While the first newspaper began circulating in Haiti in 1724 during the French colonial days, the independent country's mass media history began almost century later in 1804. During the 19th century more media outlets began to proliferate in this now independent county. However, all this changed during the American occupation because free press in Haiti was stifled. From 1913-1934 the Americans passed laws to regulate the press sector and even jailed outspoken journalists like Georges Petit. Then, in the late l930's started the era of broadcast radio with the emergence of the transistor radio which made its way into the isolated villages ("The Mass Media"). It was brought by Protestants who wanted a more efficient way to spread the gospel. The Protestants and Roman Catholics soon began running their own radio stations which they used for both proselytizing and influencing political viewpoints of Haitians on a national scale ("The Mass Media"). As mass media began to grow in Haiti, political messages were further able to spread throughout the country. Sometimes for good and sometimes for bad. Like the Americans before him, Jean-Claude Duvalier tried to censor the media and limit what type of information was given to the masses. Thus began a great struggle between free press and government censorship in Haiti. The only time that there was somewhat of a truce between the government and mass media was during Jean-Betrand Aristide's time in office which was unfortunately cut short by a military coup and the opportunity for free media was veritable squelched with Aristide's removal in 1991. By the late 1980's there were about twenty-four radio stations broadcasting in Haiti, most in the nation's capital Port-au-Prince ("The Mass Media"). There were also several newspapers and other journals published on a regular basis. However, the 1980's was a turbulent time for independent journalists and free press because of Jean-Claude Duvalie...

Ownership and firm performance in Gulf countries Dissertation

Ownership and firm performance in Gulf countries - Dissertation Example 1.1 Background In 1932, Berle and Means published The Modern Corporation and Private Property which argued that the modern American business of the 1930s was better off if there was a separation of ownership and control. This created the grouping of the representation of shareholders and managers into distinct classes to promote efficiency and effectiveness. The idea was rooted in the fact that there were many large and expanding corporations growing in America who had unaccountable managers. Hence, the popular calls of sociologists (particularly political scientists who believed in the separation of powers) and lawyers (who saw the dangers of rights without obligations to account for the use of rights) culminated in Berle and Means' article which argued for the separation of powers between shareholders and managers in order to create a system of accountability. Indeed, the concept of separating the role of owners from the activities of managers thrived for the decades after the 1930 s. Jensen and Meckling (1976) defined the agency theory as was based on the presumption that there is a conflict of interest in the different aspects of a given company or corporate entity. Shareholders, corporate managers and creditors of the business had different processes interests and visions that they sought to attain by their association with a given corporate entity. In their views, Jensen and Meckling argued that where the interest of managers and other stakeholders can be achieved without attaining the interest of the shareholders or the business. Hence, there is the need for some kind of checks and balances to ensure that the goal of managers are merged with the best interest of the company or the business. Hence, there was the need for some degree of checks and control. However, â€Å"the â€Å"shareholder value† movement of the past generation has succeeded in turning managers into faithful servants of share price maximisation, even when this comes at the expens e of other considerations† (Davis, 2011). In other words, after the 1990s, the main barometer that was used to gauge the efficiency of a manger was his ability to maximise share value returns. This led to the use of negative attitudes and negative approaches to management. These managers sought to use ways and means to maximise share value through the disregard of standards, corrupt practices and other illegitimate methods to ensure that they presented good financial statements that did not necessarily show the real activities in the period in question. The culture of shareholder value maximisation at the expense of important considerations led to major corporate scandals like the Enron scandal which led to the surprising collapse of a company that was known to have healthy annual reports. This led to the popular implementation of corporate governance standards in corporate entities around the world. This has come up as a method of controlling and running entities throughout t he world. After corporate governance became the norm and conventional approach after the major financial crises, most countries and most communities adopted corporate governance systems and structures. The Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) nations naturally applied elements and aspects of corporate governance due to the pressures of globalisation and internationalisation which hit the world in the 1990s and the early part of the

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Film analysis - Essay Example The scenes of verbal and physical conflicts between Ciki and Nino happen. They physically injure each other and also get to know a little about each other. In the course of this multilingual film, Tanovic portrays intentions of peacekeeping forces and media in somewhat negative but realistic manner through UN Sgt Marchand and journalist, Jane (Tanovic, 2001). As the Ciki and Nino wait with a what seems almost eternal entrapment, nature makes visit through Tanovic’s camera as a piece of blue sky, some trees and feeble sound of birds and insects. But the contrast of this little peep of nature and soldiers confinement to a trench clearly deconstructs war and highlights the beauty of freedom and peace. The sense of wait is depicted strongly as viewers expect something to happen every time but it never does. Ciki finds a gun in the trench and shoots Nino. The shot is taken from a high point to show Ciki’s view point. The camera zooms at low angle to show Nià ±o’s viewpoint who is bracing for the worst to come and looking up at Ciki with blue sky behind him. As Nino closes his eyes camera lingers on him but no shots come. When Nino opens his eyes all he sees is a patch of blue sky and no Ciki. There was no climax such as Ciki putting his gun down and sparing Nino’s life. The incident fades without ending. While vie wer’s curiosity is answered by a long shot of Ciki who has moved to other part of the trench. Tanovic has depicted the unending wait for war to be over. The war is waiting for something to happen but it never happens. It is our and Nià ±o’s viewpoint. One more example, explosion of the mine under Cera is awaited but that does not happen. Ciki and Nino are killing time while Cera is forced to have bowel movement in his pants. A war simply ends when world and media puts their attention somewhere else. . Once Jane approaches the trench and bribes soldiers with cigarettes. The camera shot shows her position high up while Nino’s

Reading Response and Thinking about Research Questions Essay

Reading Response and Thinking about Research Questions - Essay Example The read essays from the book have different titles and authors. The first essay is written by Brian O’Leary and the title of the essay is â€Å"Tools of the Digital Workflow†. The essay basically talks about how the nature, history and business of publishers vary greatly, making it hard to identify a set if preferred tools. As the content changes to a more robust digital environment, publishers need to make decisions about related services that are licensed or outsourced completely. The second essay is entitled â€Å"Why the Book and the Internet Will Merge† and is written by Hugh McGuire. In summary, there is no much incentive for publishers to change books into something that can be read on a screen. The reason for this argument is that many would not prefer reading books from screens. However, most people prefer reading books in form of books and they equally prefer spending most of their time on the internet making funny photos of cats, blogging about what t hey have done, and contributing to the world’s biggest encyclopedia (McGuire & OLeary). In the first essay, â€Å"Tools of the Digital Workflow†, it is interesting to learn that digital workflows greatly helps publishers in thinking about product planning. Even though the practice is still rare, using digital workflows can signal the start of a period of discovering work. It therefore means that event-driven publishing can change into a more continuous model. In the second essay, â€Å"Why the Book and the Internet Will Merge†, it is interesting to learn that eBooks have arrived in the market in force. Unlike in 2008 when only 1% of trade book sales in the United States were eBooks, the number had hit 20% by 2011. With this steady increase in the number of eBooks in the market, the number in expected to hit 50% by the end of 2015 (McGuire &

Legacies of the French Revolution

Legacies of the French Revolution What were the major legacies of the French Revolution to Nineteenth century Europe? Since the beginning of the nineteenth century the legacies of the French revolution have been hotly debated by historians and political analysts alike. The revolution of 1789 gave birth to the concept of differing political ideologies. [1] Being a defined doctrine of the optimum forms of social and political organisation, this concept of new political ideologies went against the tried and testedAncien Rà ©gime that was in place in France at the time; so hated that it is considered one of the main causes of the French revolution. Before the revolution (With the newly formed United States being the greatest exception) most European nations lived under the traditional form of government that had been used for generations, that of hereditary monarchy.[2] After the revolution, no form of government could be accepted without justification; this gave birth to various other political ideologies such as Nationalism, liberalism, socialism and eventually communism.[3] This increased political consciousness was not however the only legacy of the French revolution, neither was it the only political legacy from it, merely the tip of a huge iceberg of cultural social economic and political upheaval that was felt throughout the world. Shaping the lives of nineteenth century Europeans and some argue still shapes the world we live in today. This essay will hope to examine the major legacies of the French revolution and offer explanations as to why they were so important and how they influenced the way of life in nineteenth century Europe. Political Legacies Some of the longest lived and prominent legacies of the French revolution were political, whilst this could be seen to be expected as it was a political revolution. The extent of the political change from what was considered the norm in France at the time to what it became is astounding. To accurately note the extent of change, one must first decide when the revolution ends in France. For most the end of the French revolution came on 27th of July 1795 with the fall of the National Convention.[4] The National Convention was a political system implemented in September 1792, this was the first time in France that the rule of the people came to the people, it was lead by Maximilien de Robespierre[5], who was a first among equals, this ruling of France by the National Convention became known as the ‘Reign of Terror’. Approximately 20-40,000 people were executed as enemies of the revolution.[6] The guillotine being the weapon of choice, no longer were aristocrats beheaded by s words, but peasant and king alike faced the guillotine as a weapon of equality, albeit in its most barbaric fashion.[7] Although barbaric and bloody in most eyes the Convention did implement many measures that had a lasting effect in France and a legacy that spread throughout Europe, the fixing of grain prices known as ‘The Maximum’ give a maximum price on bread,[8] this spawned socialist ideas and would become a major influence to early Marxist ideologies.[9] They also introduced conscription in a military capacity in service to France with the Jourdan Law[10], an act that endured until 2001.[11] The National Convention held control through fear and encouraged the act of informing on people.[12] The fall of the National Convention spelled the end for the French revolution, as such consequences that happened because of a direct link to the actions pre conventional fall could be thought of as a legacy of the French revolution. After the fall of the National Convention, t here came the Directory.[13] The mob had failed at governing itself as shown with the fall of the Convention; it was now the middle classes turn to offer a measure of stability. They kept the continuity of bread pricing that was introduced by the Convention. And they introduced some measure of democracy to France, albeit with a much reduced electorate. The qualifying criteria being that a voter must be Male aged 40 or more, and paying rates and either married or widowed.[14] This first stab at democracy left a lasting legacy in France with the implemented system being tweaked over time to eventually include universal suffrage and calls for votes for women,[15] long before the introduction of the same ideas in Britain.[16] Britain at this time had a hard political stance; this was through fear of the French revolution. Britain and governments throughout Europe wished never again to see the excesses of the French revolution, and so implemented acts to limit the ability to congregate, in response to the riots in London of 1916 and the Peterloo Massacre also of 1816, there was acts to limit mass political organisation; as a measure of control through fear of the French revolution.[17] The directory also implemented the Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen, this drew heavily from the newly instated American constitution,[18] in fact there is an argument that Thomas Jefferson one of the signatories of the American constitution and second president of the United States, influenced the writing of this document whilst staying in France through his close friend the Marquis de Lafayette.[19] The document promised equality of law, the freedom of expression and religion, and that a criminal was innocent until proven guilty.[20] This document is still in use in France today and is one of the longest enduring legacies of the French revolution. They are also the basis for the Bill of Human Rights used by the United Nations.[21] When talking about the French Revolution, one could almost give the answer, which one? If the earlier proposed premise is to be believed; that the French Revolution ended with the fall of the National convention. Then all subsequent could be thought of as a direct legacy of the first, did the Storming of the Bastille on 14th of July 1789 open a door that could not be closed. If this is true then it could be said that the subsequent revolutions in France such as the coup of Napoleon, or the revolutions of 1848, which sparked huge civil unrest in the rest of Europe, were a legacy of the initial French revolution, and that its lasting legacy was the ability to propagate more revolution. The French Revolution continued to provide instruction for revolutionaries in the 19th and 20th centuries, as peoples in Europe and around the world sought to realize their different versions of freedom. Karl Marx would, at least at the outset, pattern his notion of a proletarian revolution on the French Revolution of 1789.[22] And 200 years later Chinese students, who weeks before had fought their government in Tiananmen Square, confirmed the contemporary relevance of the French Revolution when they led the revolutionary bicentennial parade in Paris on July 14, 1989.[23] The aforementioned ‘no government could be accepted without justification’, challenged not only the right to rule in France but also throughout Europe, and challenged the preconceived ideas on the divine right of kings. Clearly, society in France and to a lesser extent in other parts of Europe would never be the same. Once the ancient structure of privilege was smashed, it could not be pieced together again. The French revolution also ushered in an age of liberalist thinking, the liberalism which emerged for the revolutionary regime promoted a central state, but also a free market economy in France. The regime abolished all institutions of civil society and recreated them under the authority of the ce ntral state, Loi Le Chapelier’of 1791 banned guilds and fraternities opening up the market to all.[24] Nationalism One of the main legacies of the French revolution, not just in France but the rest of the world was Nationalism. People getting themselves willingly organised for a cause of national interest came as a direct result of the French revolution.[25] In France the rise of nationalism is apparent when looking at Napoleon Bonaparte, Nationalism enabled Napoleon to become such and heroic symbol of France that his glory was easily picked up by his Nephew who then went on to become Emperor Napoleon III.[26] Increase in Nationalism also spread to the rest of Europe. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815 wanted to ensure no one came so close to conquering the whole of Europe again. They organized boundaries for a stable Europe and coalitions of Nations, so that one nation could not get out of hand,[27] this along with the alliances formed by the ‘Iron Chancellor’ Otto Von Bismarck, created what became known as the Balkan powder keg in Europe all natio ns poised to defend their allies at the slightest provocation. This coming together of countries was a direct result of the French revolution, the creation of Belgium and the subsequent emergence of unionism was also another.[28] Increased Nationalism in the Habsburg Empire, led to the creation of independent countries where once it was a joined empire.[29] It could be said that although the variables that led to the First World War, were minute and numerous. The French Revolution was a major contributory factor to the First World War, without it the coalitions of nations and Bismarck’s policy of alliances would not have been implemented. Nationalism would not have gained such popularity if not for the French Revolution, which would in turn prevented the breaking down to some extent of the Habsburg empire, without the French Revolution it could be said that the murder of Franz Ferdinand, the spark to Europe’s powder keg, would not have been as severe without the legacy of the French revolution. Furthermore without the creation of Belgium as a direct link to the Congress of Vienna, Britain would not have had to fulfil its oath to protect Belgium, agreed upon in the treaty of London 1839, and get dragged into conflict.[30] Cultural Legacies Art A direct legacy of the French revolution was also the transformation of art styles in France and throughout Europe, before the revolution academies were strongly influenced by the government and aristocracy to reflect ideals favourable to the rich French aristocrats who sponsored these works, and influenced artists in salons.[31] The Rococo style exemplified by Jean-Antoine Watteau, of outdoor events, which pictured peasants as happy and simple, pandered to the laissez-faire attitude of governance, shown by the French upper classes at the time, and was a stark contrast to the poverty and strife that inflicted their day to day lives.[32] These ideals post revolution were challenged and brought in the era of Neo-Classicism. And a truer more realistic depiction of life of the lower classes was not only shown but became acceptable and popular.[33] The French Tricolour flag was also first established as the flag of France during the French revolution and continues to be used to this day,[ 34] alongside their national anthem Le Marseilles, written in 1792.[35] The French motto which became prevalent in the time of the revolution has also been included in every city hall since the revolution, that of Libertà ©, Egalità ©, Fraternità ©. The Revolution also abolished slavery in France,[36] and opened up opportunities to those that were before excluded for their religion or social status. Building the idea that a nation is not a mass of royal subjects, but a collection of equal citizens. Religious Legacies Religion Religion was a main target of the French revolution, the separation of Church and State was something that the revolutionaries implemented, this fundamental secularism of the revolutionary powers offended those that preferred state power be dependent on religious authority.[37] Post revolution as previously mentioned ushered in new thinking where no governance could be achieved without justification, and to the revolutionaries the church had none, the new regime stripped their power to educate the young and created new schools where the church could no longer educate the youth of France. When Louis XVIII was for a short time put back on the throne, he attempted to reverse this. Followed by his brother Charles X, who gave the control of education back to the church,[38] this like so much of the work of Louis XVII and Charles X was a contradiction, they took something that worked and replaced it with something that did not. This was rectified by ‘the Commune’ who implement ed a complete separation of church and state, with the policy of laà ¯cità © in 1905[39] this continues to this day in France, and it is still one of the most secular countries in the world. The French Revolution demonstrated the power of the masses. It challenged the old regimes of monarchy and through it developed Frances first republic, it ushered in ideologies of nationalism alongside liberalism, and was a major influence on early communist thinking. It created a class consciousness that was previously unknown in Europe at the time, the lower classes were expected by their governments to accept their lot, and not rise above their station, the French revolution gave people not only the opportunity to realise that they could fight for a better life if there were unfair practices, but it was also a wakeup call for the rest of Europe to think about the persecution of their working classes, and how it might eventually turn on them. The attempt to re instate a monarchy with Philip L ouis shows just how much the French revolution changed not only the thoughts to monarchy, but their thoughts to governance as a whole, whilst it could be said monarchy was hated. Napoleons rise to emperor was accepted because of the strength he displayed, showing the acceptance of an autocratic style of leadership as long as they displayed strength. This is evident in the separation of church and state, whilst originally separating the two, under Louis XVII and Charles X they were again joined, though it was later separated by ‘the Commune’ this shows the continual Revolutionary thinking in the French mindset, particularly as it is still in place today. The attempted turning back of the clocks in France and their reluctance to return to a pre-revolution state shows just how deep the effect of the revolution was. The spread of different political ideologies changed the face of Europe and the way it was governed, the proposed legacy of the French revolution being a major cause of the First World War. Shows just how far reaching not only geographically but chronologically the French Revolution was. The legacies of the French revolution, whether speculated upon, or cold hard fact. Are varied and numerous, whilst trying to explain many this essay pales in comparison to the absolute weight of legacy that Europe experienced as a direct result of that day in July 1789. Or in the words of Premier Zhou Enlai, is it still too early to tell? [1] Theda Skocpol,States and social revolutions: A comparative analysis of France, Russia and China. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1979) p. 155 [2] Archibald Alison, History of Europe (from 1789 to 1815). (1843) p. 827 Obtained for free on Kindle at https://archive.org/details/historyeuropefr37alisgoog (accessed 23/04/2014) [3] Eric J. Hobsbawm,Nations and nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth, reality. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2012.) p.19 [4] George Rudà ©,The French Revolution. (New York: Grove Weidenfeld. 1988)p.199 [5] Joseph I. Shulim, Robespierre and the French Revolution,American Historical Review(1977) 82#1 pp. 20-38 [6] Shulim, â€Å"Robespierre and the French Revolution† pp.20-38 [7] Ludmilla Jordanova, â€Å"Medical mediations: Mind, body and the guillotine.† History Workshop Journal(Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 39-52). (Oxford: Oxford University Press.September 1989) [8] Eugene White, The French Revolution and the Politics of Government Finance, 1770–1815.The Journal of Economic History1995, p 244 [9] Albert S. Lindemann,A history of European socialism. (Yale University Press, 1984.) p.14 [10] Alan Forrest,Conscripts and Deserters: The Army and French Society during the Revolution and Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.) p. 35. [11] â€Å"France salutes end of military service† http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1682777.stm (accessed 23/04/2014) [12]M. Darrow, Economic Terror in the City: The General Maximum in Montauban.French Historical Studies1991, p 511 [13] Hugh Chisholm ed. â€Å"The French Revolution† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press 1911) [14]William Doyle,The Oxford History of the French Revolution(2 ed.). (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 1990) p.319 [15] â€Å"History of women’s right to vote† available http://www.france.fr/en/institutions-and-values/history-womens-right-vote.html (accessed 23/04/2014) [16] Although proposed the right to vote for women was not granted in France until 29th April 1945. [17] â€Å"The French Revolution’s Legacy† Our Time, Melvyn Bragg, BBC Radio 4, London: 14th June 2001. [18]Jeffrey Kopstein, Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order. (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2000) p.72. [19] George Athan Billias, ed. American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World, 1776-1989: A Global Perspective. (New York: NYU Press. 2009) p.92. [20] All 17 articles of the Declaration available at http://www.constitution.org/fr/fr_drm.htm (accessed 23/04/2014) [21] Bill of human rights available http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ (accessed 23/04/2014) [22] Franà §ois Furet,Marx and the French Revolution. (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1988.) p.12 [23] Dave Martin, Enquiring History: The French Revolution (Hodder Education 2013) p.12 [24] Adrian Pabst, â€Å"Liberty, Equality and Fraternity? On the Legacy and Enduring Significance of the French Revolution† Available at http://wpfdc.org/blog/our-columnists/adrian-pabst/18825-liberty-equality-and-fraternity-on-the-legacy-and-enduring-significance-of-the-french-revolution (accessed 23/04/2014) [25] Michael Rowe, The French Revolution, Napoleon, and Nationalism in Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013) p.10 [26] Alexander J. Motyl, Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II. (Massachusetts: Academic Press.2000) [27] Harold Nicolson, The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity: 1812-1822 (New York: Grove Press 2000)pp.20-32 [28] â€Å"Belgiums independence† http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/country/history/belgium_from_1830/ (accessed 24/04/2014) [29] Peter F. Sugar, The Rise of Nationalism in the Habsburg Empire.Austrian History Yearbook3, no. 01 (1967) p. 91-120. [30] Eric Van Hooydonk, Chapter 15. In Aldo E. Chircop, O. Lindà ©n.Places of Refuge: The Belgian Experience. (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. 2006) p.417 [31] Monique Wagner,From Gaul to De Gaulle: An Outline of French Civilization.(Peter Lang, 2005)p. 139. [32] â€Å"France’s Economic Crisis† Available at http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h33-fr.html#sub (Accessed 23/04/2014) [33] Fritz Novotny,Painting and Sculpture in Europe, 1780–1880, (Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1978) p.21 [34] Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier Lafayette (marquis de),Memoirs, correspondence and manuscripts of General Lafayette,vol. 2, p. 252. [35] Eugen Weber, Peasants Into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914. (California: Stanford University Press 1976) p.439. [36] Whilst revolutionary France abolished slavery, it was re introduced by Napoleon in 1802. [37] Michel Troper, French Secularism, or Laà ¯cità ©.Cardozo L. Rev.21 (1999):p. 1267 [38] Frank Tallet,Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789(London: Continuum International Publishing 1991) pp. 1-17 [39] Evelyn M. Acomb,The French Laic Laws, 1879-1889: The First Anti-Clerical Campaign of the Third French Republic, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1941) p.41

Essay --

Good morning/afternoon everybody. Today, I am here to discuss the overall wealth of America, in hopes to better justify our economy. It is to my understanding that as of this moment, the United States and its economy stands fairly well, increasing total tax revenue by 13%, from $2,482.241 (two trillion four hundred eighty two billion) in 2012, to $2,806.386 in 2013. In addition, we were able to decrease our budget deficit by an additional 27%, with a final deficit standing at $811.851. Although our standings are settled at a decent position, there are ways we could execute even greater; and that is through the improvement of health and human services, the return of our nation’s military from the Middle East, education, alternative energy, and the regulation of taxes. One of the major focuses of our proposal is the improvement of health and human services. Prior to my election, there has been concern about this department due to the recent government shutdown. From October 1 through October 16, the United States entered this shutdown, and reduced most routine operations after Congress failed to enact funds for the fiscal year 2014. The principal factor to this shutdown was The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, otherwise known as Obamacare. What this law required was for all Americans to have health insurance—regardless if they truly need it or not—so the total costs towards Medicare and Medicaid spending would decrease. However, it is not worth disrupting government funding to undercut healthcare costs. Congress has one key duty in the Constitution, and that is to pass spending bills that fund the government. With no compromise, our government may experience another one of these disastrous events. To fix this predicament.. . ...ity that continues to be a problem is the amount of alcohol and cigarette users here in the states. The adverse health affects from alcohol consumption accounts for an estimate of 75,000 deaths, while cigarette smoking accounts for an estimate of 443,000 deaths each year in the United States. To promote a healthier lifestyle, in addition to internalizing the externality, we will be placing a $0.10 tax on alcohol and a $0.50 tax on cigarettes, in hopes to reduce demand and utilization. However, if alcohol and cigarette users continue to be unresponsive to the change in price, consumers would still continue to purchase these products, and it would eventually benefit the government in terms of raising money with minimum waste, for it would raise revenue with minimal distortion. In other words, as a result of this tax raise, we will be increasing revenue $5.323 billion.